I have never grown potatoes in a container, so I am not sure. I rotate my potatoes in a three or four year rotation, mainly to prevent scab (which the acid soil also helps with)
I forget that not every gardener has the luxury of the larger spaces I am used to, I would not add too much sand, but some will help keep the growing medium light. Same with straw, but the straw will add more bulk, and hold more water where it is needed. Peat moss is good to add also but like you say is pricey. If you can drive around and find an old dried up farm pond and dig out the bottom of that the soil there is as good as peat moss, but will have viable weed seed, so you'd need to deal with that also. I have also seen bagged compost for sale, this could be another option.
If you could take a soil sample and have it tested the lab can tell you exactly what to add. Other than that it sounds like a mix of peat straw and some sand is the best bet.