I should add to the above that (again in the British service, circa 1853 to at least some time beyond 1866) shrapnel shells, of at least the Improved Shrapnel & Diaphragm Shrapnel shell patterns, were filled with lead balls. These being Carbine balls up to & including the 6, 9 & 12prs & Musket balls for the other natures to 150pr. These balls were hardened, with antimony, so as not to deform when pressed against the side of the shell as it burst open. Pistol balls & buckshot were also shaken in to fill up spaces between, in addition was added melted resin for improved shrapnel & coal dust for diaphragm shrapnel, the latter shell pattern superseded the former in 1858. I am not absolutely certain how these lead balls were cast, certainly not in sand moulds though. The earlier shrapnel shells, called spherical case shot, were merely a fuzed hollow shell filled with both balls & powder - but tended to explode prematurely due to friction between balls & shell upon shock of discharge & so were improved by Col. Boxer, by separating the powder from the bullets. The name "Spherical Case Shell" was dropped, some years after the death of Henry Shrapnel, in favour of "Shrapnel Shell", as a memorial to Henry, the inventor.
Adrian