No, the Savage bolts will not fit directly on any other action and function. Actually, switch-barrel rifles are more common than many think and pre-date the Savage M110. Smiths have been making them on Remington and other actions for many years. They do not use the oddball Savage barrel nut, but rather just set the barrel in with a much lower torque than the factory does, so that a small action/barrel wrench combo can loosen or tighten the barrel. The shooter has these parts so he can change the barrel at any time.
Actions like the Remington with a separate recoil lug either have the lug welded to the action, or pinned to it. Many highly accurate benchrest and varmint rifles are so made.