They are NOT exactly the same. In a word, the 17 Remington Fireball "mimics" the 17 Mach IV is how I would label it. Big Green gloats that their new offering improves on the 17 Mach IV, but then don't say why. I guess they think offering factory ammo (one load only so far I think) being shot in a SAMMI chamber is an improvement. BS - the full potential of the 17RF case can't be achieved nor approach the 17M4 without tuned reloads for your particular firearm. IOW, unless you don't reload and are stuck with shooting only factory ammo it's just sales hype to sell their rifles.
Some of the specs I have so far to compare them (the ones that might be important)...
Case length
17RF 1.420
17M4 1.400
Neck diameter
17RF .206
17M4 .199
Neck length
17RF ?
17M4 .203
Shoulder diameter
17RF .3673
17M4 .360
Length to shoulder
17RF ?
17M4 1.058
Head diameter
17RF .3769
17M4 .376
Both have 30 degree shoulders. The specs for the 17M4 are the standardized specs supposedly.
Interchangeable? Guess it depends on how close the neck length and length to shoulder is between these two cartridges (still haven't found these for the 17RF yet) AND the specs of the chamber in a particular firearm. After Vern O'Brien put the 17M4 on the map and especially before it became a more or less standardized wildcat I'd bet there is some variation in the 17M4's out there. Neck diameters and neck length for sure even after standardized with lots of wildcatters who neck turn their brass and/or want longer necks.
With three 17M4's already in the safe, I won't be looking for a 17RF myself.
Anyway, might be some new info for you Doc T.