If, bottleneck cartridges are legal in your part of the woods then I would recommend either the 260 Rem or the 7mm-08.
Both of these work good to 300 yards+ on deer. The 6.5x47 Lapua would also be a great choice.
I would use MGM to get the the non-standard chamberings
These cartridges will satisfy many needs in terms of deer hunting.
Nothing wrong with the 308 Win, but why have extra recoil when these will kill just as well, with less recoil, and will have better trajectory than the 308.
The 243 Win is also a good choice, but some folks just want a little more diameter and weight-Personal choice.
If you want more horsepower in terms of distance (less bullet drop and drift), then the 6.5-284 or the 280 or 280 AI.
If recoil is a concern, then a good solid bottomed brake like Holland's Radial Quick Discharge is a great choice.
Felt recoil drops to an amazing level with brakes of this class.
These brakes work so good, I use riflescopes on many of my single-shot specialty handguns:
http://www.handgunhunt.com/promo/membership/features/readNewArticle.php?oid=12&title=Rifle%20Scopes%20On%20Specialty%20HandgunsGood luck in your new endeavor!
XPhunter- I do all sorts of different kinds of hunting. I couldn't say if I do one type more than another. Shot deer at 10 yards and shot a doe with my inline over 200 yards 2 years ago and yes I am just getting in to reloading.