Can you get more accuracy or 'reproducibility with a GB mortar if you use a patch (like a muzzle loading rifle) so the golf ball is slightly snug in the bore?
No, don't do it..you are not aiming and shooting direct, you are lobbing the ball. Mortars are area weapons Beside you will raise pressures necessarily and may even have difficulty loading a patch ball in larger bores.
Get some of the zinc golf balls from the group buy post in the Cannon classifieds. You don't need many and you can shoot them over and over again.
You will be surprised how accurate you can shoot from just standing 10-15 feet behind the gun and looking at line of the barrel with with the target...of course you you will have read the wind and get your powder charge right.