307 is similar to the 308, except the 307 is rimmed, and .20" longer from base to shoulder.
Not correct in the dimension quoted. Both cartridges have nominally identical base-to-shoulder dimensions. The Hornady manual is incorrect - Speer, Lyman, the NRA and PetLoads have it right.
You can fire .308 ammo in a .307 Marlin rifle, although it isn't a good idea at all to do so. This only proves that the case will go into the chamber, headspace on the shoulder, lock up, and fire. The .307 has 4% less capacity, so using .308 load data would result in an overload. With chamber pressures approaching the .308 WCF, it is not suitable for chambering in the Contender.