I know I 'm going to start something by writing this but ... here goes.
I just went through what your going through with a friend of mine who wanted to get a new rifle last year.
As far as I'm concerned the rifle is a tool and for the most part all of the rifles your looking at are going to work for deer hunting.
I would look at what features you want in the rifle. Caliber, weight, stock material, action material, barrel length, action length, Iron sights?, what kind of safety do you want. On the rifle, on the tang or on the bolt, removable mag, blind mag or hinged plate, and price. Don't for get any optics you may want to mount. If you want to mount a scout scope is there a place to mount a rail or does it come with one.
Make a chart and the one that has the most X's in it's column is the one. Your said you learn by seeing so make it a visual thing. My friend wanted a Sako 75 stainless but ended up with a Remington 700 XCR because of his budget and did not want to wait half a year to mount the scope on it. Also don't spend everything on the rifle and scope remember some of the other items you may want to have as well like sling, soft case, scope mounts, scope covers, and Ammo. You may want to buy several types to see what shoots best.
As far as the strongest action. I remember a guy asking that same question in the late 60's or early 70's and and wrote his results in an article I read. He started by mounting a 30-06 barrel on any action he could find and loading a way over pressure round to get the action to fail.
The Japanese Arasaka action was the strongest action in his test. The action did not fail it just threw the barrel off. Don't know.
I do own a Win M70 classic, Ruger M77, Rem 700's, Enfield, Mauser, and an Arasaka, actions all in sporting rifles.
I simply decide on a caliber an look in the used racks at the local shops for one that fist my wallet. Most used rifles were never really used and are a good buy. I know my next rifle will be a CZ. I like the single set trigger and the small frame of the 527. It's going to be another 223. ( especially if the president gives us back $2K of our money in a tax refund per household)
All of the CZ 550's have the same size frame and it's a long, long action. There is no advantage to getting a .308 based round other than a detachable mag.