Briar,
I do not believe an ethical distance exists.
Why?
So many variables.
One is cartridges.The biggest cartridge I have in a specialty handgun is the 375 Chey-Tac Improved.
It is called the 375 Snipe-Tac. It is one of Dave Viers cartridges.
About 150 grains of powder with a 370 grain ultra low drag hunting bullet makes for quite a combo.
Compare that with a 7mm TCU in a Super 14 TC and well, there is not much to compare, except how dramatically different they are.
Within that is the handgun action you are using. Some flex a lot more than others.
Also, quality of the trigger. I sure don't expect to see five shot 5" groups at 1000 yards from a lot of triggers I see on various specialty handguns.
Add to that the barrel quality, whether or not the barrel is free-floated or not.
What kind of optic are you using and is it capable of holding its zero, and are its clicks consistent and accurate whether they are runnining mils, IPHY or MOA.Then you have your bullets, they are not all created equal.
Does it have the quality/consistency to hold accuracy at distance?
You have to make sure you have enough velocity at your impact distance for the bullet to do its job.
At the same time it must have a high enough BC to not have a lot of windrift or drop as quickly as typical hunting bullets.
Your ammo should be match grade. I use Redding comp dies and sometimes Forester.
I can check case and bullet runout.
In other words most of us who push distance are doing a whole lot more in the loading process, than regular reloaders do.
We are looking for consistency, and so we have our specialty pistols built as if they were bench guns in terms of quality.
I don't enjoy going through all the things I do in the load process as much as I used to, but it is required for me if I am going to do this.
Yes, I even compete (from field positions and bench) at distances out to and just past 1000 yards with the guns I hunt with.
I don't know how many rounds I go through in a year. But there is a lot more to this than just round count.
It is intentional practice in both good and bad shooting conditions in terms of temp and wind, with the majority of that practice being from field positions.
I usually start practicing at 500 yards, once my load has been developed, chronographed, turrets zeroed, etc, and drops have been confirmed out to 1200 yards.
Do I practice some from the standing positions? Yes, with my center grip XP's and my 15" rear grip MOA's I do some.
Usually to 75-100 yards.
But I encourage for people to get as close to the ground as possible when making a shot at game.
Why?
First of all, because I am not Quigley
Because most of the time the closer you get to the ground the steadier you are going to be.
I don't have a problem for those who shoot from the off-hand position when hunting, as it, like long-range takes practice and discipline to become proficient at it.