removing the nails

[locust]

I had wondered how the nails were removed that held both Jesus and likewise the other two men.

the nails were not made of steel they would of been made of iron . bend the nail a little left then a little right then repeat that. the nail would snap off right at the wood surface.

all would of been much easier with it being a cross or just a pole of wood,haven been laid down for easy access  .

tada 

[ironglow]

  Not seeking to debate more...just FYI...from a blacksmith/history buff view..

  The Romans had a tool, an otherwise straight bar with claws, bent slightly to allow leverage... then to a wood block would proivide a height adjustment for pulling over a hand or arm.

  At various demonstrations, at the NY State fair etc., I would make crucifixion style nails and hand them out to and pastors oo Bible teachers or
    Sunday School teachers in attendance.  They make great teaching aids.

     Roman nails were of course, of a square shaft, which holds much better in wood than any round nail. A square nail when driven in, breaks the grain and pulls the broken grain inward with it...that grain then resists the nail being pulled.

  They often used pieces of wood to act as "washers" so the nail heads would not pull through the flesh.

  Evidently, the Romans did not value their iron nails near as much as we may think.  As the Romans abandoned the Antonine wall
   In Scotland, they buried hundreds of thousands of nails.

    They buried them, so the wild Calidonian tribes wouild not easily forge the nails into weapons to use against the Romans, further south !

  I had opportunity, so I bought a set of 3 of those nails which were dug up.

    Being iron, they lasted until today. Had they been steel as they are today, they would have rusted away long ago.

    https://www.scran.ac.uk/packs/exhibitions/learning_materials/webs/56/Inch.htm

 

   

     

     

[Bob Riebe]

Romans did know how to make steel nails, although most of their nails were made from iron, and they were able to produce relatively high-quality steel through their metalworking techniques, allowing them to create nails from this material as well; archaeological evidence shows numerous Roman iron nails found at various sites, including a large hoard of nails discovered at the fortress of Inchtuthil in Scotland.
Key points about Roman nails:

    Material: Primarily made from iron, but some steel nails were also produced.
    Production method: Hand-forged by Roman blacksmiths in their workshops.
    Evidence: Many Roman iron nails have been found at archaeological sites across the Roman Empire.

[Graybeard]

What possible difference can it make 2000 years later? Without written evidence how could you possibly ever know anyway?

[Lloyd Smale]

yup the real importance is they were put in. how they were take out doesn't matter. kind of comical youd look at the crucifixion and that thought would even waste 10 seconds of thinking. about like looking at the titanic and asking which veggy was served for supper that night

[Mule 11]

He has apparently been trying to make a point about his religious doctrine for years and the only accomplishment has been being a royal pain in the arse.

[ironglow]

  Actually, the details of historical evidence concerning iron, steel, cricifixion or any other subject, doesn't interest most people..unless trhey are
  greatly engaged with history itself.

 Just as some exert themselves to study car & trucks, hunting , fishing, oil painting or today's electronic technology..so the person who realizes
   that history is our roots, and still explains many of mankind's quirks and decisions, and so, goes on to seek historical information.
 
      "One thing we learn from history, is that we don't learn from history !"   (Hegel)

    "Those who don't learn from history, are doomed to repeat it !"  (Santyana)

  ..But being a history aficinado, as with any other specialized study, is not for everybody..just as the skills mentioned above., are not for all.

     Yes, in early years, steel was made in very small quantities, by hammering in quantities of carbon (often burned leather).  Off hand , I know of no 
      strictly Roman    examples..though likely some do exist.

     There are excellent examples of "Damascus steel"  (pattern welded) in various weapons from the medieval period, such as found in some Viking
     swords etc, but the technique of manufacture was lost to history in recent centuries.

     Then in the early 1970s, Bill Moran..noted knife maker, rediscovered the process..and pattern welded steel is a rather common material used by
    knife smiths of today..

       Andrew Carnagie pioneered modern steel making by way of the Bessemer process..  Thus, at about the turn of the 20th century, iron production
     yeilded almost completely to steel production..

[Bob Riebe]

https://evsmetal.com/2018/12/history-of-steel.html
Crucible steel has been around for a long, long time, Bessemer made affordable to the masses.

Steel is one of the most common metals from which EVS fabricates parts and products. Archeologists and historians believe that steel has been being produced for almost 4000 years; this makes sense, as that puts the timeline at the beginning of the Iron Age — iron being the primary element used to manufacture steel.

The history of steel is long and fascinating. While we have no idea exactly who it was that actually “invented” steel, examining its origin and viewing its production and implementation from its earliest days can help give some context around why exactly it is that steel has been incredibly important to multiple civilizations through the centuries, and remains so to this day.
The Beginnings of Steel

Starting in the 13th century BC, archeologists have found evidence that blacksmiths were the first to begin to synthesize steel. Like many inventions, it was likely a happy accident, the result of iron being left too long in coal furnaces that contain high levels of carbon, which is a component of steel. The carbon made the iron stronger, harder and more durable.

About 700 years later, in the 6th century BC, “wootz” steel was born in India, which is a beautifully textured metal that is still sought after to this day. “Wootz” steel is the result of combining wrought iron and charcoal during the smelting process. 600 years later (around 300 AD), India’s neighbor China began to produce steel in true mass quantities — the first country to do so. Damascus steel — a very hard type of steel primarily used for sword or knife blades due to its ability to be honed to a razor-like edge — made its debut in the Middle East in the 11th century.
Steel in the 1700-1800s

The 18th century brought a number of inventions and disruptions that would greatly impact the evolution of steel. These include the invention of the first successful steam engine, the development of the crucible steel technique, the introduction of steam power into steel mills, and the invention of the steel roller.

The 1800s, however, were even more vital to steel’s eventual rise to the place it holds today around the world. This century ushered in the American agricultural boom of the 1830s; the introduction of the Bessemer process in 1855 — the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten iron; and the invention of the open-hearth furnace in 1865. Just a few years later, the end of the American Civil War led to enormous growth in the U.S.’ production of steel. This same period saw the invention of tungsten steel — a type of air-hardening steel — by Robert Mushet. This meant that for the first time, steel wouldn’t need to be “quenched” before it hardened, a huge advance for the industry.
Steel from the 1900s-Today

The open-hearth process of steel production that was invented in the mid-1800s eventually made steel both less expensive to make and of higher quality. This directly contributed to the Industrial Revolution, much of which can be credited to capitalists and industrialists like Charles Schwab and Andrew Carnegie. In fact, when Andrew Carnegie founded US Steel Corporation in 1901, it was the first company ever launched with an initial valuation of over $1 billion.

The 20th century also ushered in the age of the automobile, and was greatly fueled by two World Wars that made steel an absolute necessity to many governments well into the 1940s. This boom was aided by the invention of electric arc furnace steelmaking, a process that by the early 1940s was being used for the vast majority of steel manufacturing. Finally, in the 1960s, Oxygen steelmaking made its debut as an even more efficient process, leading to the closure of the last remaining open-hearth facilities by the very beginning of the 21st century, in 2001.

Wootz steel originated in the mid-1st millennium BC in India, wootz steel was made in Golconda in Telangana, Karnataka and Sri Lanka.[2][3][4][5] The steel was exported as cakes of steely iron that came to be known as "wootz". The method was to heat black magnetite ore in the presence of carbon in a sealed clay crucible inside a charcoal furnace to completely remove slag. An alternative was to smelt the ore first to give wrought iron, then heat and hammer it to remove slag. The carbon source was bamboo and leaves from plants such as Avārai. Locals in Sri Lanka adopted the production methods of creating wootz steel from the Cheras by the 5th century BC.[8] In Sri Lanka, this early steel-making method employed a unique wind furnace, driven by the monsoon winds. Production sites from antiquity have emerged, in places such as Anuradhapura, Tissamaharama and Samanalawewa, as well as imported artifacts of ancient iron and steel from Kodumanal. Recent archaeological excavations (2018) of the Yodhawewa site (in Mannar District) discovered the lower half of a spherical furnace, crucible fragments, and lid fragments related to the crucible steel production through the carburization process. In the South East of Sri Lanka, there were some of the oldest iron and steel artifacts and production processes to the island from the classical period

[ironglow]

  I would surmise that beingas smithing necessarily demanded the use of coal, charcoal etc., some carbon would have become forged into the
   iron at some point..

  That is how many discoveries were made.  Same as the discovery of sugar relation to diabetes was noted, when a researcher tasted the related sweetness of the diabetic's urine.

  Don't ask me how that happened..except the lab guy must not have washed his hands before eating....