Heat treating steel increases its tensile strength. Rifle barrels can't be made too hard, or they will be too brittle to handle high pressures safely, so they are usually drawn back to a Rockwell C scale hardness of about 30. This means that after hardening (heat 4140 to about 1575°F and quench) they are tempered (reheated and heat soak about 1 hour per inch of thickness) at about 1100°F. So, no heat you apply that is much below 1100° is going to have an adverse effect on their hardness. Silver brazing gets to around this temperature, so it must be applied judiciously with chills protecting critical places, but soft solder (500° range) won't bother it.
There are indeed lots of finishes out there. The Brownells finishes work. If you are setup for Parkerizing, you might also look at the Ten-ring Precision finishes (tenring.com). These finishes and the Brownells finishes may be applied without first applying zinc Parkerizing as a porous surface prep, but they will not be nearly as hardy.
Nick